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Marguerite Porete (died 1 June 1310) was a French mystic and the author of ''The Mirror of Simple Souls'', a work of Christian spirituality dealing with the workings of Divine Love. She was burnt at the stake for heresy in Paris in 1310 after a lengthy trial, after refusing to remove her book from circulation or recant her views. The book is cited as one the primary texts of the medieval Heresy of the Free Spirit.〔 ==Her life and trial== Porete's life is recorded only in accounts of her trial for heresy, at which she was condemned to be burnt at the stake.〔These accounts were first edited in Paul Fredericq, ''Corpus Documentorum Inquisitionis Haereticae Pravitatis Neerlandicae'', vol 1. A more complete edition, though, can be found in Paul Verdeyen, ‘Le process d’Inquisition contre Marguerite Porete et Guiard de Cressonessart (1309-1310)’, ''Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique'' 81, (1986), 48-94.〕 Her biography is probably biased and certainly incomplete. She was said to come from Hainaut in northern France, though this is uncertain. Her high level of education means she is likely to have had upper-class origins. She is associated with the Beguine movement, and was therefore able to travel fairly freely.〔In chapter 122 of the ''Mirror'' she includes beguines among those who attack her, but it is likely she was referring to the enclosed beguines, who felt uncomfortable with the wandering and mendicant beguine lifestyle she appears to have practiced.(See Bernard McGinn, ''The Flowering of Mysticism'', p244.).〕 Marguerite appears to have written the first version of her book in the 1290s. Sometime between 1296 and 1306 it was deemed heretical, and the Bishop of Cambrai condemned it to be publicly burned in her presence at Valenciennes. One of the taboos Porete had broken was writing the book in Old French rather than in Latin and she was ordered not to circulate her ideas or the book again. Nevertheless she continued to do so and in 1308 was arrested by the local Inquisitor (the Dominican William of Paris, also known as William of Humbert) on grounds of heresy, in spite of claims in the book that she had consulted three church authorities about her writings, including the highly respected Master of Theology Godfrey of Fontaines, and gained their approval. Marguerite refused to speak to William of Paris or any of her inquisitors during her imprisonment and trial. In 1310 a commission of twenty-one theologians investigated a series of fifteen propositions drawn from the book (only three of which are securely identifiable today), judging them heretical.〔Medieval manuals on "discretio spirituum" — the clerical judgement of mystical visions — called for the clergy to serve in an advisory role but nevertheless cautioned them about their own ultimate inability to make a definitive judgement on such matters (see late-medieval manuals such as Gerson's "De probatione spirituum" and "De distinctione verarum visionum a falsis"). Such manuals tell the clergy to provide learned guidance, not ultimate judgement, warning them that they might make a mistake and end up opposing the Divine Will.〕 Among those who condemned the book were the ecclesiastical textual scholar, Nicholas of Lyra. Three Bishops passed final judgement upon her. Porete had been arrested with a Beghard, Guiard de Cressonessart, who was also put on trial for heresy. Guiard declared himself to be Porete's defender. After being held in prison in Paris for a year and a half, their trial began. Guiard, under tremendous pressure, eventually confessed and was found guilty. Porete, on the other hand, refused to recant her ideas, withdraw her book or cooperate with the authorities, refusing to take the oath required by the Inquisitor to proceed with the trial. Guiard, because he confessed, was imprisoned. Porete, because she did not, was found guilty and burnt at the stake as a relapsed heretic. The Inquisitor spoke of her as a 'pseudo-mulier' ('fake woman') and described the Mirror as 'filled with errors and heresies'. 〔McGinn, p245〕 A record of the trial was appended to the chronicle begun by William of Nangis; despite the negative view taken towards Marguerite by Nangis, the chronicle reports that the crowd was moved to tears by the calmness of how she faced her end. After her death extracts from the book were cited in the bull ''Ad Nostrum'', issued by the Council of Vienne in 1311, to condemn the Free Spirit movement as heretical. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marguerite Porete」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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